The parity bit is used as an error check mechanism to help ensure data integrity. A packet consists of a start bit, data frame, a parity bit, and stop bits. UART data is sent over the bus in the form of a packet. Serial communication protocols such as RS-232, RS-422, or RS-485 are transmitted using UART. Data flows from the Tx pin of the transmitting UART to the Rx pin of the receiving UART. In UART communication, only two wires are required for communication including the Transmitter (Tx) and Receiver (Rx) signals. The receiving UART converts the received serial data back to parallel data and sends it to the CPU. This serial data is transmitted to the UART on the receiver device, or the receiving UART. The UART on the sender device, or the transmitting UART, receives parallel data from the CPU ( microprocessor or microcontroller) and converts it to serial data. UART communication consists of two UART devices that communicate directly with each other. UART is also considered to be “universal” because the parameters including transfer speed and data speed are configurable by the developer. Asynchronous means it doesn’t use a clock signal to synchronize the output bits from the transmitting UART to the sampling bits on the receiving UART. UART, or Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter, is a hardware communication protocol that uses asynchronous serial communication with configurable speed. We’ll provide some background on USB and UART communication interfaces to get a better idea of how they are similar and different. UART is still used today, but is primarily seen in GPS and Bluetooth modules, Arduino, and other microcontrollers. USB, a serial protocol that also adheres to the RS-232 standard, was introduced as a more advanced and standardized way for devices to communicate through handshaking, device detection, auto speed negotiation, etc. USB, however, has almost completely replaced these outdated cables and connectors that operate using UART communication.
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